Malabar –The Pepper Coast

Ever since the arrival of the Arabs to Kerala, the region came to be called Malabar, a word believed to be an Arabic formation. Several historians attempted to determine the earliest use of the word ‘Malabar,’ used to demarcate the Kerala region. There is unanimity in the opinion that this term appears first in the geography of Edrisi (c.1150).[1] The term ‘Malabar’ was first used by foreign writers to specify the western coast. Al Biruni (AD 970-1039) appears to have been the first to call the country by the name ‘Malabar’. The Egyptian merchant Cosmos Indicopleustes (6th century AD) mentions a town Male (a mountain region) on the West Coast of India, as a great emporium of pepper trade.[2] Under Justinian, Cosmos, in the course of his traffic, made some voyages to India, whence he acquired the surname of Indicopleustes. He observed that "In the country which is called Male (Malabar), where pepper is growing, there is a bishop Ordained in Perdia.”[3] The new American encyclopedia considers Malabar Coast as an “indefinite term applied to the whole W. side of the Indian peninsula. In a somewhat more restricted sense it means the coasts of Concan, Canara, Malabar proper, Cochin, and Travancore.”[4] Captain Amasa Delano explains the term Malabar to have the same meaning with the word mountaineer, and to refer to the mountains of Hindustan, from which the people of the coast came.[5] The Portuguese, on their arrival in India, found the term Malabar in greater use, wherein the prefix mala has attained the meaning of a mountain.

Many attempts to trace the origin of the word Malabar failed and the word is still enveloped in greater anonymity. This has led to much confusion. Robert Caldwell quotes Colonel Yule who has enlisted the following forms like Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, Munibar, Malibar as Arabian and Minibar, Milibar, Melibar (Marco Polo), Minubar, Melibaria, Molibar, Minabar, Malabria written with the change of vowels, as the other forms the early European travelers used. [6]

Many have attributed the meaning to the prefix mala, for mountain, a geographical feature of Kerala. This suggests that the word is Malayalam. “I learn from Colonel Yule that in the relations of the Arabian navigators, the name Male held its place, nearly as Cosmos has it, without any such suffix as bar, down to the eleventh or twelfth century. In 851 A.D., it occurs, he says, as Malai or Kulam Malai, in 1150 as Mali and also Maliah. It is interesting to find the name of Quilon (Kulam, properly Kollam) as early as 851 associated with the name of the coast, in the compound term Kulam Mali; but Colonel Yule has found Quilon mentioned by name prior even to 660, which tends to show, as he observes, that the Quilon era (the first year of which corresponds to AD 824-5) did not in reality take its origin, as has been supposed, from the foundation of the city.” [7]

Difficulty has been felt to ascertain the origin and meaning of the affix bar. Lassen considers it “as identical with the Sanskrit vara, in the sense of ‘a region’; Malayavara = Malabar = the region of Malaya, the Western Ghats. As the Malaya-vaarais a factitious word, not really found in Sanskrit, and never actually used by the people of the Malabar Coast, this argument failed to get acceptance. “The same difficulty stands in the way of Mala vaaram, Tamil- Mal., the foot of the mountains, and Malappadu, the mountain district. These derivations might be regarded at first sight as admissible; but they are Indian vernacular words, and if the name ‘Malabar’ had been derived from them, we should expect to find them in use in India itself, whereas there is no trace of either of them having ever actually been used by any Indian people.”[8] Bar, in the Persian language, signifies country, as Zengebar, the country of the Zenges. In that sense, Mali-bar is believed to be the country of the Malays.[9]

Malabar is explained as an Arabic corruption from mala (vernacular) for mountain. But long before the time of Cosmos Indicoplaestus (AD 522-547) down to the 11th or 12th century, the word ‘Male’ was applied to the coast by foreigners. Probably, in part at least the word Malabar is of foreign origin. The first two syllables are almost certainly the ordinary Dravidian word male (hill, mountain) and bar is probably the Arabic/persian word ‘barr’ (country). Malabar may therefore be taken to mean the hilly or mountainous country, a name well suited to its physical characteristics. [10] The original Indian appellation is Malayalim, or the hilly country; or, according to others, is Maliabar, a name given to it by Persians, and signifying the country of the Malays, when they the natives of the coast of India confronted.[11] Amasa Delano considers the term Malabar supposed to have the same meaning with the word mountaineer. He thinks that this word refers to the mountains of Hindustan, from which the people of the coast came.[12]

Sabda Tharaavali of Sreekandewaram names Malabar as an old word and calls it Malamandalam. Today Malabar is considered as a word indicating the hilly region of Kerala and is called Mala(yala)nadu. As everyone seems to be satisfied with the meaning that the word assumed, no one is bothered to discuss it afresh. But the feeling that the original meaning is still evading has made it necessary to renew the discussion. The Arabs came to Kerala not as tourists. They came for spices trade. As such, we shall begin with describing the importance of spices in the old world.

Peppercorn currency

Pepper, an important culinary spice from ancient times, was used to cover the taste of spoiled food and the Europeans craved spices to preserve meat.[13] Salting was the only form of food preservation for centuries which made salted meat palatable. Increase of pepper’s high value, made its demand almost insatiable, [14] although the advent of refrigeration has lessened the need for salt-curing foods. Peppercorn on reaching Western Europe from Malabar began to be used in a variety of ways, as it attained almost on its own right the status of a currency.

Pepper was treated as an equivalent of capital, as a currency in Rome. The Caesars stored them in vast quantities, perhaps never to be used, in their treasury, [15] which subsequently became a medium of exchange. The Tamil poet Tayan Kannanar, wrote “They arrive with gold and depart with pepper.” A second century Tamil poet sketches this trading port thus: “Bales of pepper are brought to market from each house, and gold received in exchange from the Roman ships is brought to shore in sackfuls, at Muciri, where the music of the singing sea never ceases and where King Kudduvar loads his guests with the ambergris of the sea and the cardamom of the mountains.”[16]

Since ancient Greek and Roman times, peppercorn was a means of paying tribute. In AD 408, Rome saved itself from Alaric, the King of the Visigoths, who condescended to accept a ransom for the city, Alaric expressly stipulated for the deliverance of 3000 pounds of pepper, [17] and Attila the Hun required in 452, 3000 pounds of pepper as part of the ransom of the City of Rome. This sum may denote nominal today. But black pepper in ancient times was very highly prized. [18]

Europe’s over-dependence on spices, enabled it to become a common currency, as negotiable as silver. Its use as money spanned a period of some 1500 to 2000 years. People counted out, peppercorn by peppercorn to settle debts and to pay taxes, rents and actually pepper was used to bribe. A number of commodities, principally spices, were accepted in lieu of money. Sometimes rents were paid in peppercorns.[19] The very expensive peppercorns were accepted as part of a bride's dowry or in lieu of money. This survives in the term real rents, not nominal ones, which could indeed be paid in peppercorns. “Peppercorn rent, which now means virtually free- exactly the opposite!”[20]

Though the phrase 'peppercorn rent' denoted a nominal sum these days, there was nothing nominal about it, in the late middle Ages. A pound of peppercorn was worth a pound of gold. It represented the barter equivalent of two to three weeks' labor on the land.[21] Peppercorns, as they served to make international payments, represented a more stable medium of exchange than gold.[22] “At others, it sufficed to buy freedom for a serf in France; and often, both in ancient and medieval times.” [23]

The black pepper in Europe, during the middle ages and Tudor times, was highly priced and so expensive. This made South Arabia the great spice emporium of the ancient world. The Malabar Coast furnishes an example of an Indian trading area, where peddlers were not particularly prominent, making this region so important in the pepper trade from Asia to Europe.

Spices such as cinnamon, ginger, cloves, pepper and nutmeg had travelled overland for millennia to the West. Though these names are as old as the language itself, ignorance about its sources prevailed for a period. The traditional overland routes helped the horde of middlemen along the way. The slow transportation of spices took trading advantage from pushing up the price. It is said that all the pepper available to world trade at the time came from Malabar. The world realized India and the Far East as the epic centers of the spices trade, only with the advent of seafaring exploration in the medieval times.

The desire to enrich them engaging in the hugely profitable spices trade ignited many a European to navigate to India. The young Italian sailor Columbus set sail due west, in search of a shorter route to the treasures of the orient, that would not mean travelling round the Cape of Good Hope. A desire for a share in the highly lucrative spice trade played an important part in inspiring the exploration. Queen Isabella of Spain wanted to make her country rich. She sponsored Columbus’s plan and raised money to meet his voyage expenses to what turned out to be a new world. [24] This voyage of discovery is annually remembered when people celebrate the discovery day on every Oct. 12.

In the centuries that followed, the traders from the west, in successive waves, bribed, negotiated, and fought their way eastwards, in search of the source of these riches. This found the displacement of the Indians, hitherto the most important merchants in the region.

Melago-codi of the Hortus Malabaricus

The tieo-bo of the Cochin-Chinese, the Piper nigrum, is the Melago-codi of the Hortus Malabaricus.[25] Cultivated in various parts of the East, as in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippine Isles, it grows in the greatest abundance in the province of Malabar, constituting one of the principal articles of export.[26] Indigenous to the rain forests of Kerala in southwestern India, black pepper(Kurumulaku in Malayalam, and Maricham in Sanskrit,[27] is the chief production of Malabar.

Malabar: the Spices Emporium

Periplus names twenty ports on the west coast of India. Pliny (the Elder) refers to Muziris, the most important port in ancient, India as the first market commercial station of India/ Primum Emporium Indiae. Tiruvanchikulum near Cranganur in the vicinity of the port of Muziris was the capital of the Perumals.

The works of Sangam poets extolled Muziris as enjoying great prosperity in the days of Roman trade. Muziris is Muchiri/ Muciris in Tamil works and Murachipattanam in Valmiki Ramayana. The Jewish Copper Plate of Bhaskara Ravi Varma (1000 AD) mentions it as Muviri / Muriyikode. Muziris was called Makotai, Mahodayapuram and Mahodayapattanam. Murachi is Alwaye puzha, otherwise called Periyaar.

The Roman Red Sea merchant fleet headed to this spice coast each year to buy pepper, pearls, spices and Indian slave girls. Pepper was endearingly known as ‘Yavanapriya,’ which means “passion of the Greeks.” As an emporium of trade, Muziris served the Phoenicians, the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans in turn. Quilon, yet another port, was the chief emporium and transporting center of the East during the time of Ibn Buttuta. [28]

Dr Robertson, historian, who considers Malabar as the country of pepper,[29] attributes the derivation of the name Malabar, as well as that of Maldives, to a cluster of islands lying at no distance from Maale. About two-thirds of the pepper available to world trade at that time was produced in Malabar. The bowl of good quality pepper, collected in such abundance from Kerala, made it cheapest but by no means the least useful of spices. This monopoly made Kerala the only place from where the rest of the world obtained pepper. This scenario made Canter Visscher, the Dutch Chaplain of Cochin, to call Malabar "The mother of pepper.” The Arabs called Malabar, situated to the east, or rather to the southward of Guzerat, qualified to be styled as the Mother of Pepper,[30] as Beled-ul-ful-ful, the country of pepper. [31]. It is said that the Moors of Mecca discovered India, and came to the province of Malabar, on account of the pepper which is found there. — Barbosa, 102. 1553.[32]

NOTES:

This article is heavily dependent on the article “Malabar Rediscovered” by Dr. V. Sankaran Nair - Secretary,Kampan Foundation For Oriental Studies.

[1]Isaac Taylor, Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature, Edn.2, Rivingtons,1898, p.184. [2]Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair, Kerala State Gazetteer, Vol.1, Gazetteer of India, 1986, p.7. [3]Christopher Buck, Paradise and paradigm: key symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baháí? Faith, Vol.10 of Studies in the Bábí and Bahá'í religions, SUNY Press, 1999, p.71. [4]George Ripley, The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Vol.11, D. Appleton and company, 1861, p.92. [5]Amasa Delano, A narrative of voyages and travels in the northern and southern hemispheres: comprising three voyages round the world together with a voyage of survey and discovery in the Pacific Ocean and oriental islandsIssue 43828 of Early American imprints, Edn.2, E.G. House for the author, 1818, p.221. [6]Robert Caldwell, A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages,Edn.3, Asian Educational Services, 1998, p.23. [7]Ibid. [8]Ibid. [9]East India Company, The Asiatic journal and monthly miscellany, Vol. 2, Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1816, p. 340. [10]M. T. Narayanan, Agrarian relations in late medieval Malabar, Northern Book Centre, 2003, p.xvi. [11]David Brewster (Editor), The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, 1830, p.286. [12]Amasa Delano, A narrative of voyages and travels in the northern and southern hemispheres: comprising three voyages round the world together with a voyage of survey and discovery in the Pacific Ocean and oriental islands Issue 43828 of Early American imprints, Edn. 2, Printed by E.G. House for the author, 1818, p.221. [13]Journal of Indian history, Vols. 31-32, Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala, 1954; B. J. Chacko, Sardar K.M. Panikkar: Shashtyabdapoorthy souvenir, Mathrubhumi Press, 1954, p.142. [14]Chris Caldicott, Carolyn Caldicott, The spice routes, frances lincoln ltd, 2004, p.11. [15]Andrew Dalby, Empire of pleasures: luxury and indulgence in the Roman world, Routledge, 2000, p.195. [16]Quoted in Andrew Dalby, Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices, Issue 1 of California Studies in Food and Culture, University of California Press, 2002, p.93. [17]Waverley Root, Food: an authoritative and visual history and dictionary of the foods of the world, Konecky & Konecky, 1980, p.338; also see Forum for Contemporary History, Skeptic, Issues 1-10, Skeptic Magazine, 1974, p.51. [18]Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol.20, Bishop's College Press, 1852, p.378. [19]Great Britain. Supreme Court of Judicature, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords, Great Britain. Privy Council, The Weekly reporter, Vol. 43, Wildy & sons, 1895, p.4 and 645. [20]E. A. Weiss, Spice crops, Cabi Publishing Series, 2002, p.155. [21]Quoted in Maestro Martino, Luigi Ballerini, Stefania Barzini, The art of cooking: the first modern cookery book,Vol.14 of California studies in food and culture, University of California Press, 2005, p.46. [22]Waverley Root, Food: an authoritative and visual history and dictionary of the foods of the world, p.338. [23]Ibid. [24]The New book of knowledge, Grolier, 1986. [25]Hort. Mal. Vii.p.23, t 12. [26]Gilbert Thomas Burnett, Outlines of botany: including a general history of the vegetable kingdom, in which plants are arranged according to the system of natural affinities, Vol. 2, John Churchill, 1835, p.581. [27]K. M. Nadkarni Dr. K.M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica., Vol 2 Edn. 3, Popular Prakashan, 1996 , p.969. [28]Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan, Hamdard Islamicus: quarterly journal of the Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan, Vol. 7, The Foundation, 1984, p.95. [29]S. S. Shashi, Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vol.100, Anmol Publications,1996,p.139; Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair, Kerala State Gazetteer: Vol.1, 1986; Krishnat P. Padmanabha Menon, Jacobus Carter Visscher, History of Kerala: A history of Kerala, written in the form of notes on Visscher's Letters from Malabar, and, Vol.1, Printed at the Cochin Govt. Press, 1924, p.45. [30]Letters from Malabar, tr.: to which is added An account of Travancore, and fra Bartolomeo's travels in that country. By H. Drury, Translated by Heber Drury, 1862 , p.153, also Krishnat P. Padmanabha Menon, History of Kerala: A History of Kerala Written in the Form of Notes on Visscher's Letters from Malabar, Vol.4, Asian Educational Services, 1986, p. xxvi. [31]Arthur William Alsager Pollock, The United service magazine, Vol.139, p.3, H. Colburn, 1875, p.442. [32]Sir Henry Yule, Arthur Coke Burnell, William Crooke, Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive,Edn.2, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968, p. 540.

Joseph Rabban & The history of Malabar Jews

"Landing of the Jews at Shingly (Cranganore in 72 AD)"

Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews (Malabar Yehudan) and Juda Mappila, are the oldest group of Jews in India, with roots claimed to date to the time of King Solomon, though historically attested migration dates from the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Historically, they lived in the Kingdom of Cochin in South India,[1] now part of the state of Kerala. Several rounds of immigration of the Jewish diaspora into Kerala led to an ethnic, but not a linguistic, diversity: the community was divided into White Jews and Black Jews, both of which spoke Judeo-Malayalam, a dialect of Malayalam.[2] The vast majority of Cochin Jews immigrated to Israel after its formation, the number remaining in Kerala itself is minuscule, and the community faces extinction there.[3]

Warden of the synagogue and unofficial 'Mudaliyar'

Traders in King Solomon's time carried out regular sea voyages to the South Indian coast, bartering for ivory, apes, and silver, and the first Cochin Jews may have been the children of Israelite sailors and local women.[4] It has been claimed that following the destruction of the First Temple in the Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC), some Jewish exiles came to India.[5]But it was after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70CE that the first wave of large numbers of settlers came to Cranganore,an ancient port near Cochin.[6] Cranganore, now transliterated as Kodungallur, but also known under other names, is a city of legendary importance to this community. Fernandes goes so far as to call it "a substitute Jerusalem in India"[7] and Katz and Goldberg note the "symbolic intertwining" of the two cities.[8]

St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus, is supposed to have visited India, and many of the Jews who converted to Christianity at that time were absorbed by Nasrani or Saint Thomas Christians.[9]

"The Rajah of Cranganore receives the Jews"

Central to the history of the Cochin Jews is their close relationship with Indian rulers, and this was eventually codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges. The date of these plates, known as "Sâsanam",[10] is contentious, with local tradition setting it as long ago as 379 CE, although paleographic evidence suggests the mid-eighth century. Whatever the date, the Jewish leader Joseph Rabban was granted the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, given the ruler ship and tax revenue of a pocket principality in Anjuvannam, near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".[11] The Hindu king gave permission in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world and moon exist") for Jews to live freely, build synagogues, and own property "without conditions attached".[12][13]

Historians have now concluded that Joseph Rabban got his plates in 1000 AD, during the reign of Kulashekhara Perumal and that Anjuvannam was most likely a trade guild. Kulasekhara or Later Chera dynasty was a classical Hindu dynasty founded by the saint King Kulashekhara Varman. Kulasekharas were intermittently subject to various South Indian powers such as Rashtrakutas and Later Cholas in their 300 year rule. The dynasty ruled the whole of modern Kerala state (Malabar or Kudamalainadu), Guddalore and some parts of Nilgiri district and Salem - Coimbatore region in southern India between 9th and 12th centuries AD mostly from the outskirts of the sea port Muziris, called Mahodayapuram, on the banks of River Periyar. The Kulasekharas traces their ancestry back to the powerful Chera dynasty of the Tamil Sangam Age. The age of Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram is known in history as the Golden Age of Kerala.

Rama Varman Kulashekhara (reign 1090- 1102 AD) was the last King of the Later Chera Dynasty and the first ruler of the independent Venad state from 1102 A.D to 1122 A.D, according to the Rameswarathukoil Inscription. Kotha Varman Marthandam succeeded him as the ruler of Venad.

Joseph Rabban (Yosef Rabban‎; Judeo-Malayalam: Isuppu Irabbân)

"Joseph Rabban, leader of the Jews, receiving the copper plates"

Joseph Rabban was a Jewish merchant, possibly from Yemen, who came to the Malabar Coast (in present-day India) in the mid-8th century. According to the traditions of the Cochin Jews, Joseph was granted the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin by the Chera ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II.He was granted the rulership of a principality in Anjuvannam, near Cranganore (Anjuvannam or Anjuvannan refers to the community of Cochin Jews.[14]

He was granted the rulership of a pocket principality in Anjuvannam, near , Cranganore, [The name derives from the traditional Hindu system of castes where any person not belonging to one of the four principal castes used to be referred to as an anjuvannan. The word comes from the Malayalam words anju (five) and vannam or varnam (colour, race, or caste)], and rights to seventy-two "free houses". These rights were engraved on a set of bronze tablets known as the "Sâsanam" (Burnell, "Indian Antiquary," iii. 333-334), which are still in the possession of the Jewish community of India. The date of the charter can be fixed at about 750; it can not, for paleographical reasons, have been much earlier than this, nor later than 774, since a grant made to the Malabar christians at that time was copied from it.[14]

Quarrel between Levites and the laity (non-Levites)

A link back to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was a sign of both purity and prestige. Rabban's descendants maintained this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named Joseph Azar, in the sixteenth century.Joseph Azar was a Jewish prince of the Anjuvannam in Cochin, South India. He was a descendent of Joseph Rabban. Azar lived in the 14th century CE. In 1340 Joseph Azar became embroiled in a conflict over succession with his brother. The ensuing strife led to intervention by neighboring potentates and the eradication of Jewish autonomy in South India.[14]

In 1341 a disastrous flood silted up the port of Cranganore, and trade shifted to a smaller port at Cochin (Kochi). Many of the Jews moved quickly, and within four years the first synagogue had been completed.[15] The Portuguese Empire established a trading beachhead in 1500 and until 1663 remained the dominant power. They were not kind to the Jews.

Traditions and the accounts of Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela

Benjamin of Tudela (Kingdom of Navarre), 1130 – 1173) was a medievalJewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 12th century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela is a major figure in medieval geography and Jewish history.

The Travels of Benjamin is an important work not only as a description of the Jewish communities, but also as a reliable source about the geography and ethnography of the Middle Ages. Some modern historians credit Benjamin with giving accurate descriptions of every-day life in the Middle Ages. Originally written in Hebrew, his itinerary was translated into Latin and later translated into most major European languages. It received much attention from Renaissance scholars in the 16th century.

His journey began in the city of Zaragoza, further down the valley of the Ebro, whence he proceeded north to France, and then set sail from the port of Marseilles. After visiting Genoa, Lucca, Pisa, and Rome in present-day Italy; Greece; and Constantinople, he set off across Asia. He visited Syria, Lebanon, Land of Israel, and northern Mesopotamia (which he called Shinar) before reaching Baghdad. From there he went to Persia, then cut back across the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt and North Africa, returning to the Iberian Peninsula in 1173.[16] His visit to the ruins outside the city of Mosul in Baghdad is one of the earliest accurate descriptions of the site of ancient Nineveh.[17]

"Destruction of Cranganore by the Moors"

The 12th century Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela wrote about the Malabari coast of Kerala: "The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the Talmud and Halacha."[18]Maimonides (1135–1204), the preeminent Jewish philosopher of his day, wrote, "Only lately some well-to-do men came forward and purchased three copies of my code [the Mishneh Torah] which they distributed through messengers.... Thus the horizon of these Jews was widened and the religious life in all communities as far as India revived."[19] (The Baghdadi Jews came to India in the 18th century, and it was only then that the Bene Israel Jews of India were "discovered" and taught mainstream Judaism by the Cochinis and Baghdadis,[20] so Maimonides must be referring to the Cochini Jews.)

Further support for the Mishneh Torah circulating in India comes in the form of a letter sent from Safed, Israel to Italy in 1535. In it David del Rossi claimed that a Jewish merchant from Tripoli had told him the India town of Shingly (Cranganore) had a large Jewish population who dabbled in yearly pepper trade with the Portuguese.[21]

Shingala(പട്ടണം- ചിന്‍ഗള )

I travelled from Spain, I had heard of the city of Shingly

I longed to see an Israel king, Him I saw with my own eyes

I have fulfilled my dream I did see him and talk to him

(Rabi Nissim, 14th Century Hebrew Poet).

Shingy was known to the outside world as Muracipattanam or Pattanam The jews of Kerala whose presence is accepted from the first centuryA.D onwards refer Kodungalloor as Shingli.The word Muyiricode and Shinglyhas a relation. Shingli is a popular musical trend among Jews. It is based onthe sound of Peacock. Shingli prayers and songs are still popular among Jews. Shingly was the gate of pepper country Male(Malabar). Jewish travellers or refugees would therefore turn towards this port as a business centre or haven. A hill called Jooda kunnu and a tank called Jooda kulam remind us of Jewish presence. The Jewish copper plates in vattezhuthu characters of Southern India – a grant of land from the king Sri Parkaran Iravi Vanmar to Joseph Rabban [The grant was issued in 10 th century. (The name of Muyiricode is attributedas Peacocks were in  abundance in Kodungalloor at that period)– and the Syrian Christian plates with the signatures of four Jewish witnesses bring further evidence. These inscriptions used a language called Judo-persian and they are among the first documents in this tongue ever discovered.

The first Jewish settlements are not known but many legends flourished about them. Some say that the first Jews arrived in Kerala in King Solomon’s merchant fleet whose crews were probably Phoenicians. Other stories suggest that some members of the lost tribes deported by the Assyrians who had stormed Samaria in 721 might have reached India. Few legends invoke the Babylonian exile (587-538BC) as a first step towards India as some Jews might have then discovered the importance of the trading routes between Mesopotamia and India. The Christian legend of St Thomas said that the Apostle travelled with a Jewish merchant called Habban, that he was welcomed in Cranganore (Shingly). India was not unknown to Jewish people. The Hebrew word tuki for peacock used in the Book of Kings and the Chronicles might have come from the old Tamil “takai”. At the end of the first century Shingly became, according to many Cochin Jews, the haven of ten thousand Jews who were wandering after the destruction of the second Temple. It is also argued that Jewish captives of Titus, held in Myorca, arrived in Kerala in 370 AD.

Like the Christians in India, most Indian Jews might actually have come from Persia in the 5th century as we know that king Kobad, trying to reassess the religious roots of his kingdom, persecuted them in Iran. The Babylonian Talmud, compiled between the 3rd and the 6th century refer to a Rabi Judah who was a Hindu convert. The Jewish copper plates are dated from 379 AD by the Cochin Jews but there is no scientific agreement on this date and the historians can only propose a bracket between 379 AD and the 10th century.With the Arab travellers and geographers the Jewish presence left the realm of legends to be seriously asserted by Abbu’l Kassim Ubaidullah Abdullah Ben Khurdadaba in the 9th century and the geographer Abdulfedas. We know also from Jewish sources that Hachamim arrived in Shingly, including Judah Halevi, in 1141. Then the Indian Ocean was the heart of the first globalization which was due to Chinese economy, the most advanced in the world, and Arabian and Islamic merchants. In his novel, In an Ancient Land, Amitav Ghosh studied the MS.H6 document, collected from a Synagogue in Cairo, dated 1148, which refers to the business association between an Arab, a Jew and an Indian. Jewish merchants were engaged in import or export of pepper, timber, amber, coral, rice, cotton and textile products. Arabic was then a universal lingua franca. 

Syrian Christian plates with the signatures of four Jewish witnesses. These 

inscriptions used a language called Judo-persian and they are among the 

first documents in this  tongue ever discovered.[825-875AD]

The year 1345 saw the arrival of Joseph Azaar in Cochin. Ibn Batuta, in the 15th century, refered to Kanjarakara as a Jewish town under a Jewish governor. He described Shingly as a prosperous vassal of the king of Malabar. Friar Odoric made Cingilin (Shingly ?) the heart of Hebrew settlements of this coast and also refered to Flandarina (Pandarini ?). Marco Polo mentioned a Jewish community in Quilon. The Venetian merchant Nicolo Conti described many Jewish settlements.By then the extinction of the dominant Joseph Rabban line in Shingly left the community divided and from 1471 onwards the victims of these dissensions gathered in Cochin. In 1524 a struggle between Moors and Jews for the pepper trade brought the destruction of the Eastern Jerusalem (Shingly). Most Jews flew to Cochin and placed themselves under the protection of the Hindu Raja of this city. In 1567 Jew Town was built and in 1568 the White Jews’ Synagogue (influenced by Hindu casts, the Jews had split between White and Black Jews). In the 16th century the community welcomed many Spanish or Portuguese Jews. Lisbon had started dominating the Western coast of India. In the 17th century the Dutch replaced the Portuguese. When, in 1766, Hyder Ali, the new ruler of Mysore and the most radical opponent to the British attacked Kerala, the ruler of Cochin chose Ezekiel Rahabi as an ambassador entrusted with two hundred thousand rupees and eight elephants. Ezekiel sent his three sons to Hyder and placed in their hands diamonds and saltpetre (white sugar), a very rare commodity then. In 1795, in spite of Hyder’s son, Tippu Sultan, the country passed into the hands of the British.

NOTES:

[1] Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; Weil 1982; Menachery 1998.

[2] Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.

[3] The Last Jews of Kerala, Edna Fernandes, Portobello Books 2008

[4] (1 Kings 10:22), The Jews of Kerala, P. M. Jussay, cited in The Last Jews of Kerala, p. 98

[5] The Last Jews of Kerala, p. 98

[6] Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.

[7] The Last Jews of Kerala, p. 102

[8] Cited in The Last Jews of Kerala, p. 47

[9] Weil S. 1982; Jussay P.M. 1986; Menachery 1973; Menachery 1998.

[10] Burnell, Indian Antiquary, iii. 333–334

[11] Taken from WP article on Rabban, which appears to rely on Ken Blady's book Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Northvale, N.J.:Jason Aronson Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130.

[12] Three years in America, 1859–1862 (p. 59, p. 60) by Israel Joseph Benjamin

[13] Roots of Dalit history, Christianity, theology, and spirituality (p. 28) by James Massey, I.S.P.C.K.

[14] Blady, Ken. Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130.

[15] The Last Jews of Kerala p. 111

[16] Shatzmiller 1998, p. 338.

[17] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 8

[18] Adler, Marcus Nathan. The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary. New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc., 1907.

[19] Twersky, Isadore. A Maimonides Reader. Behrman House. Inc., 1972, pp. 481–482

[20] Herzog, Avigdor, "India", in Encyclopedia Judaica, 2008.

[21] Katz, Nathan and Ellen S. Goldberg. The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India. University of South Carolina Press, p. 40. Also, Katz, Nathan, Who are the Jews of India?, University of California Press, 2000, p. 33.